Growth and water use of the mangroves Rhizophora apiculata and R. stylosa in response to salinity and humidity under ambient and elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO 2. Tamai, S. & Iampa, P., 1988. Wildings are readily available, as natural regeneration is often profuse. Growth and water use of the mangroves. and. Cookies help us deliver our services. This study used productivity models and above ground biomass to investigate productivity in different sites of MMFR. Branchlets swollen at the nodes, solid and pithy. Indonesia: bakau minyak (general), bako (Javanese), babakoan laut (Sundanese), Malaysia: bakau minyak, bakau tandok, bakau akik, Papua New Guinea: abia (Gulf Province), bahkweh (Northern Province), pana (Central Province), Philippines: bakauan (lalaki), uakatan (Tagalog), bakhau (Samar). Thailand and Indonesia adopt strip-felling, the Philippines and East Malaysia practise minimum diameter harvesting, while clear-felling has been traditionally carried out in Peninsular Malaysia. Tannin obtained from the barks of Blume was further separated into condensed and hydrolysable tannins. Mature propagules that remain viable for 4-5 months are gathered from the forest floor. In sites where attempts at planting had previously failed due to pest problems, planting nursery-raised seedlings and transplanting of wildings proved successful. Seedlings may retain their viability for several months. Rhizophora apiculata is a least studied mangrove-based plant that has been used in the traditional medicine of Southeast Asia for its healing properties. The bark is rich in tannin, used for tanning leather and to toughen and dye fishing lines, ropes and nets. Further, antimicrobial and minimal inhibitory activities of different solvent extracts were assessed against human clinical pathogenic bacteria, and the results showed that butanol and methanol extract has potential antimicrobial activity. Their tangled prop root systems – illustrated in the header photo – are the “trademark” associated with all mangroves by most people (if they have heard … The nanoparticles were tested for toxicity against MG-63 cells. 2015 Aug 18;15:287. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0820-3. Main productsTimber, fuelwood, charcoal, dyes, and traditional medicine. In recent years it has been extensively harvested for production of wood chips in East Malaysia and Indonesia. With the opening of the canopy, the ferns may form up to 4 m tall, dense, continuous thickets, making it impossible for propagules of Rhizophora to enter the area. Ninety Rhizophora apiculata leaf samples were collected from different compartments (18, 31, 71, 74, 42 and 55) based on tree age and management. Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. The tannin of Rhizophora is associated with a substance which darkens gradually; it is used as a deep brown or black dye. Initially, the phenolic and flavonoid content was quantified in solvent extracts, and gallic acid and rutin were used as a control, respectively. eCollection 2020. PubMed:Growth of a mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) seedlings as influenced by GA3, light and salinity. R. apiculata is commonly found in most mangrove swamps in tropical Asia, from the delta of the Indus in Pakistan to Vietnam and Hainan. or R. mucronata. Planting programmes often coincide with the fruiting season. 447 pp. Further, antimicrobial … NIH 2013 Mar;11(2):149-57. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60042-4. Rhizophora apiculata is distinguished from R. × lamarckii and R. × annamalai plus other IWP species by swollen (wider than long), corky br own bracts, one inflorescence The genus Rhizophora contains more species of mangrove than any other. | This site needs JavaScript to work properly. It grows gregariously in swamps flooded by normal high tide, on deep soft mud of estuaries, often consolidated and sheltered from surf and currents by pioneer species of Avicennia L. and Sonneratia L. R. apiculata avoids hard soils and develops well in per-humid regions where it can form almost pure stands, sometimes in association with Bruguiera spp. Tropical Ecology 21: 113-124. For biomass calculation, tree height and diameter were measured in plot of 10m x 10m in compartment 18, 31, 71, 74 and 67. Thinning is important for good stand development. Large areas of formerly productive Rhizophora stands have been made unproductive in this way. Tropical Ecology 28: 274-288. Ecological Research 3: 227-238. Wood anatomy of Rhizophoraceae. It occurs throughout the Malesian region and reaches southwards to the Tropic of Capricorn in Queensland, and eastwards as far as New Caledonia and Ponape (Micronesia). The stem of R. apiculata is upright and cylindrical in closed forest, but plants develop a straggling or semi-prostrate habit in unfavourable sites. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Insects have occasionally been observed foraging for pollen. The sapwood is light yellow, 3-5 cm thick, and very distinct from the heartwood which is reddish-brown and darkens with age. Vivipary is characteristic for Rhizophora species. Rhizophora apiculata has been exported from the Philippines to various parts of the world for utilization in the textile industry and extracts of stilt roots exhibited mosquito larvicidal activity. 5. In practice, thinning is irregular, incomplete and selective, and poorly accessible stands are often neglected. Eventually, the seedling falls from the fruit, floats with the high tide and establishes if it reaches a suitable site. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Rhizophora apiculata Blume. This process involves selecting a well-formed tree and felling all pole-sized trees around it within a radius drawn by a stick 1.2-1.8 m long. This study assessed the in Papua New Guinea. In Sri Lanka, Cerebera manghas is used in making masks for many traditional cultural activities. Rhizophora spp. Keywords: According to [6], Rhizophora apiculata is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae family. 448-457. 2016;54(1):118-29. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1017886. Mangrove and mangrove associates are abundant plants that grow throughout Indonesian shorelines that have high pharmaceutical and food … Description. In large concessions of 2000-4000 ha for wood chipping in Sabah, a diameter limit of 10.2 cm is used, provided that 100 seed trees per ha are left. The ash content is about 1 g per 100 g wood of the stem and prop roots, and 2 g in branch wood. Other Uses The bark is an important local source of tannin Rhizophora hypocotyls can be eaten after extraction of the tannin, but this is probably only of importance in times of famine. Additional planting and planting in denuded areas mostly succeeds well, provided the ecological conditions are suitable. Estimates of annual litterfall vary from 6-11.5 t/ha. Hou, D., 1958. The bark provides a medicine against dysentery. The poles are carried out of the swamp. The ferns Acrostichum aureum L. and A. speciosum Willd. van Vliet, G.J.C.M., 1976. In Vietnam, annual wood production is about 60 000 t. The energy value of the stems, branches and prop roots is 15 000-19 000 kJ/kg, of charcoal 32 200 kJ/kg. Felled trees are bucked into billets of about 1 m long, and sometimes debarked before they are transported out of the swamp forest. In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Phenols and Oleanolic Acid from Mango Peel and Their Cytotoxic Effect on A549 Cell Line. YieldsIn Malaysia, the 30-year rotation har- vested yield of green wood has been about 136– 299 mt/ha (61–133 t/ac). It is unlikely that any substantial germplasm collections of R. apiculata are being maintained. Growth rings and parenchyma are indistinct. Propagules of Rhizophora spp. Tree growth, dynamics, and productivity in a mature mangrove forest in Malaysia. The botany of mangroves. The main agroforestry uses from this species are soil stabilization, coastal protection, wildlife/marine habitat for marine fauna and also as timber products which are fuelwood, charcoal, dyes, and traditional medicines [7];[8]. Rhizophora mucronata is a small to medium size evergreen tree growing to a height of about 20 to 25 metres (66 to 82 ft) on the banks of rivers. produces a tannin that can be used for tanning leather. ex Bercht. The methanol extract effectively inhibited the growth and induces the apoptosis through ROS generation and sensitizes the mitochondrial membrane potential of A549 lung cancer cells. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236319. Pores are small, circular, fairly numerous, straight, solitary and in short radial groups, mostly in pairs, and frequently with dark gummy deposits. Semantic Scholar uses AI to extract papers important to this topic. generated in the process of charcoal making has the potential to be used as antifungal agent especia Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid which is a crude condensate produced from the distillation of smoke lly to treat candidal infections. a DPPH activity,…, Shows protecting the mitochondrial DNA damage of S. aureus using DNA nicking assay.…, Cytotoxic activity of methanol extract a on lung cancer cells (A549) and normal…, Methanolic extracts induces the apoptosis…, Methanolic extracts induces the apoptosis in A549 cells and confirmed by AO/EB staining…, NLM Rhizophora mucronata is used for the treatment of inflammation diarrhea, and angina disorders by people of India and Burma. The tallest trees are closest to … Derris trifoliata Loureiro can also be a serious strangling weed. Long-term, multiple-use management plans have to be developed and implemented to ensure sustainable use of the remaining resource. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. Rhizophora apiculata Blume Lim Sheh Hong, Darah Ibrahim, Jain Kassim and Suraya Sulaiman A research was conducted to study the anticandidal compound of tannin extracted from the barks of a mangrove tree, Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Noordhoff-Kolff, Jakarta, Indonesia. J. Arnold Arbor. The present study is designed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Rhizophora apiculata.Initially, the phenolic and flavonoid content was quantified in solvent extracts, and gallic acid and rutin were used as a control, respectively. There are no known breeding programmes. Leaves decussate, rosette-like at the end of twigs; stipules lanceolate, 4-8 cm long, conspicuous, caducous; petiole 1.5-3 cm long, reddish; blade entire, elliptical-oblong to sublanceolate, 7-18 cm × 3-8 cm, leathery, green and shiny, apex acute to apiculate, base cuneate, veins distinct above, obscure beneath, glabrous with minute, scattered black corky warts on the lower surface, visible on older or dried leaves. Occasionally, bagworms and larvae of the moth Strelote lipara cause localized defoliation of trees and seedlings. Allelochemical interaction of the mangrove species was speculated to play an important role in dominance in the harsh mangrove environment. | GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipoxygenase and cytotoxic activities of Jacaranda mimosifolia methanol leaf extracts and fractions. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that the highly significant effect of antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of extracts. Rhizophora apiculata, as well as Rhizophora mucronata, is used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak, Malaysia. R. apiculata is the most common mangrove species. PubMed:Antiviral properties of a mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, against human immunodeficiency virus. Thailand has prescribed the maintainance of a 10 m uncut strip along waterways to reduce the effects of waves and currents on regeneration. They can be distinguished in the field by some easily observed characters: bark grey, almost smooth, with vertical fissures in R. apiculata; in R. mucronata the bark is nearly black or reddish, rough or sometimes scaly. Check other web resources for Rhizophora apiculata Blume : PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories ; R. apiculata is the preferred species in replanting programmes in most mangrove regions in South-East Asia. Hypocotyl cylindrical to club-shaped, up to 40 cm × 1.2 cm before falling, often slightly curved, more or less blunt, smooth and shining, green tinged with red. Initially, the phenolic and flavonoid content was quantified in solvent extracts, and gallic acid and rutin were used as a control, respectively. Media in category "Rhizophora apiculata"The following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. In South-East Asia 3 Rhizophora species occur: R. apiculata, R. mucronata Poiret and R. stylosa Griffith. have been reported to be the major pests of newly planted propagules. Chin J Nat Med. Naz R, Roberts TH, Bano A, Nosheen A, Yasmin H, Hassan MN, Keyani R, Ullah S, Khan W, Anwar Z. PLoS One. pp. Fruit an ovoid or inversely pear-shaped berry, 2-3.5 cm long, rather rough, brown. In Peninsular Malaysia it takes 35 years for R. apiculata to reach a stem diameter of 19 cm at breast height. Establishment and growth of mangrove seedlings in mangrove forests of southern Thailand. stands. After extraction of the tannins, the ash mainly consists of calcium carbonate (70%) and lime (18%) and can be used as fertilizer. Average annual increase in diameter over a 30-year period in Matang, Malaysia, was 0.32 cm. Rhizophora apiculata Blume: Morphological, Chemical and DNA Barcoding Methods Gurudeeban Selvaraj1,2*, Satyavani Kaliamurthi1,2, Ramanathan Thirungnasambamdam1 Abstract— "Kandal" (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) is a medicinal mangrove plant used to treat pain, inflammation and reduce blood glucose level in Southeast coast of India. Singapore: bakau minyak, red-tree. Bark grey, almost smooth or with vertical fissures. Felling of R. apiculata for poles is essentially a thinning operation in which straight pole-sized individuals are cut. Foliage and soil nutrients in Rhizophora apiculata Bl. Srivastava, P.B.L., Keong, G.B. Pharm Biol. More intensive site preparation is required where flooding is limited due to large numbers of crab mounds and where there is severe infestation of Acrostychum ferns. USA.gov. Compliance with ethical standardsThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest to disclose. R. stylosa has broadly elliptical leaf blades, up to 12 cm × 7 cm, flowers with styles 4-6 mm long and the hypocotyl up to 30 cm long. On the fringes of the sea 10 or 15 metres (33 or 49 ft) is a more typical height. a Butanol, b chloroform, c ethanol, d…, GCMS analysis of methanol extracts a showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, oleic…, Antioxidant activity of R. apiculata solvent extracts at different concentration. Inflorescence in R. mucronata longer, forked 2 or 3 times, with more numerous flowers; hypocotyl longer (35-65(-90) cm). See this image and copyright information in PMC. The woods of Rhizophora species are primarily utilized for firewood and for making charcoal. The wood of R. apiculata can be split easily and has a high energy value, making it in great demand as firewood and for making charcoal. Rhizophora hypocotyls can be eaten after extraction of the tannin, but this is probably only of importance in times of famine. are sometimes attacked by a scolytid beetle (Poecilips fallax). PubMed:Distribution and accumulation of ultraviolet-radiation-absorbing compounds in leaves of tropical mangroves. The timber is suitable for making furniture. Seedlings tend to be taller in shade and produce fewer roots. & Chan, H.T., 1986. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov. Rays are numerous, straight, forming conspicuous silvery grains, narrower than the pores, and visible to the naked eye. In some plantations, long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascularis) and grapsid crabs (Sesarma spp.) (Editor): Flora Malesiana Series I, Vol. Rhizophora apiculata Bl. A stand of R. apiculata in southern Thailand had an annual leaf production of 7 t/ha and 20 t/ha of wood. Main agroforestry usesSoil stabilization, coastal protection, wildlife/marine habitat for marine fauna. Uprooting the ferns manually with iron bars or spraying with a herbicide can solve the problem, unless the inundation regime has changed. Shows protecting the mitochondrial DNA damage of, Methanolic extracts induces the apoptosis in A549 cells and confirmed by AO/EB staining (. R. apiculata, being among the most easily regenerated and widely planted species, will play an important role in those sustainably managed systems. 2020 Jul 29;15(7):e0236319. The bark, according to some analyses, contains large quantities of pentosans and furfurol. Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. Litterfall varies with stand vigour and age. One-seeded fruits start to germinate when still hanging on the tree. As thinning is a commercial operation, its timing, as well as the selection of tree species and stem diameter are influenced by market demand. The in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts showed excellent antioxidant potential, about 84% of DPPH free-radical scavenging, 76% of hydrogen peroxide, 82% of hydroxyl radical scavenging, and 80% of reducing power. Activity-guided isolation of antioxidant compounds from Rhizophora apiculata. Flowers are self-compatible and usually wind-pollinated. Accepted Name Plantae > Tracheophyta > Equisetopsida C. Agardh > Malpighiales Juss. The best way to regenerate a mangrove stand at the least cost is to encourage reproduction in the period before the final harvest by thinning and by minimizing damage to young plants during harvesting. Total aboveground dry matter has been estimated to be 160-190 t/ha in 15-year-old stands in Thailand and 257 t/ha in a 28-year-old stand in Peninsular Malaysia. Three thinnings are prescribed in Matang, Malaysia (at 15, 20, and 25 years of age), one thinning in Indonesia. Rhizophora apiculata and Acrostichum aureum are a common mangrove species in Malaysia. The wood of R. apiculata is hard, strong and heavy with an air-dry density of 960-1170 kg/m3. Flowers bisexual, sessile, yellow; calyx deeply 4-lobed, coriaceous, accrescent and reflexed in fruit, lobes ovate, 10-14 mm × 6-8 mm, concave, acute, brown-yellow to reddish, persistent; receptacle with a disk; petals 4, free, lanceolate, 8-11 mm × 1.5-2 mm, membranous, glabrous, early caducous; stamens mostly 12, sessile, anthers 6-7.5 mm long, acute, multi-loculate, opening with a large ventral valve; ovary semi-inferior, 2-celled, superior part enclosed by the disk, bluntly conical, 1.5-3.5 mm long; style 0.5-1 mm long, 2-lobed. is one of the most important species in mangrove forest and often used for forest rehabilitation, particularly at Muara Teluk Naga Village, Tangerang District. Bai X, Lai T, Zhou T, Li Y, Li X, Zhang H. Molecules. Putz, F.E. BMC Complement Altern Med. 59:156-169. | Antioxidant potential, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Rhododendron anthopogonoides and its protective effect on hypoxia-induced injury in PC12 cells. Judging by the greatest volume production of firewood, a 40-year rotation is preferable. 2018 Jun 8;23(6):1395. doi: 10.3390/molecules23061395. Damaged young trees are capable of recovering by sprouting from dormant buds and bending upwards to form another erect stem. Recently, they have also been extensively harvested for woodchips or converted for agricultural and aquacultural purposes. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Srivastava, P.B.L., Majid, N.M. & Shariff, A.H., 1980. Forest Ecology and Management 17: 211-230. Evergreen tree, up to over 30 m tall and with trunk up to 50 cm in diameter, generally much smaller in exploited forests; bole 10-12 m; stem supported by numerous, lateral, much branched stilt roots; aerial roots sometimes develop from the lower branches; taproot usually abortive; branching primarily sympodial. The bark of Rhizophora spp. The root protrudes from the fruit, producing a green, spindle-shaped rod (hypocotyl) of up to 40 cm long. The planting procedure is simple, involving inserting the propagules vertically into the muddy soil along predetermined lines and spacings. Epub 2015 Apr 9. Rhizophora forests are being heavily exploited for fuelwood and poles. The alignment of differential nucleotide positions of the SBE 2 gene from Rhizophora species of Kiribati and the Malay Peninsula are shown in Table 1. Agroforestry Uses: A part of the mangrove swamps, the tree helps to protect inland areas from the effects of the ocean, including stabilizing the shore line and giving protection from strong winds and storms. FTIR spectrum of different solvent extracts. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Identification and revision of R. apiculata are largely based on morphological characteristics. Leiden Botanical Series 3: 20-75. Role of Acrostichum species in natural regeneration of Rhizophora species in Malaysia. Natural regeneration is often good, provided sufficient seed trees are left after harvesting. Abstract— "Kandal" (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) is a medicinal mangrove plant used to treat pain, inflammation and reduce blood glucose level in Southeast coast of India.